• Disc Bulge
• Herniated Disc
• Disc Tear
• Radiculitis
• Radiculopathy

• Brachial Neuritis
• Cervical Disc Bulge
• Cervical Disc Tear
• Cervical Herniated Disc

Cause
Disc herniations can result from general wear and tear, such as when performing jobs that require constant sitting and squatting or driving (sedentary lifestyle), lifting. Professional athletes, especially those playing contact sports, are prone to disc herniations.

Signs and symptoms

• vary depending on the location of the herniation
• little or no pain to the severe and unrelenting radiating neck or lower back pain.
• radiating to lower extremities or groin area also known as sciatica. Radiating nerve pain caused by a prolapsed disc can also cause bowel and bladder incontinence.

Prevention

• Maintain proper posture
• Exercises that are used to enhance back strength may also be used to prevent back injuries. Back exercises include the prone press-ups, transverse abdominus bracing, and floor bridges.

Treatment

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Weight control Epidural corticosteroid injections, root blocks

Surgery

• Microdiscectomy
• Endoscopic discectomy

Surgery

• Minimally invasive spinal decompression
• Laminectomy and decompression

Signs and symptoms

• Standing discomfort, difficulty in walking
• Bilateral symptoms
• Tingling ,Numbness
• Weakness

Treatment

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Epidural corticosteroid injections, root blocks

Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebrae over the another.

Signs and symptoms

• back pain at the site of displaced vertebra
• radicular pain in the legs
• tingling and numbness
• weakness in one or both legs
• Epidural corticosteroid injections, root blocks

Cause

• Traumatic due to fall or RTA
• Congenital
• Degenerative due to old age
• Pathologic due to tumor

Treatment

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
• Epidural corticosteroid injections, root blocks

The type of fracture in the spine that is typically caused by osteoporosis is generally referred to as a compression fracture. Women, especially those older than 50, are at greatest risk for spine fractures.women and men who have osteoporosis have an even greater risk of spine fractures.

Symptoms

• Sudden, severe back pain
• Worsening of pain when standing or walking
• Difficulty and pain when bending or twisting
• Loss of height
• Deformity of the spine — the curved, “hunchback” shape

Treatment

• analgesics
• bed rest
• antiosteoporotic medications

Surgery

• vertebroplasty
• kyphoplasty
• minimally invasive pedicle screw fixation

Facet joint arthropathy refers to a degenerative disease that affects the joints of the spine

Symptoms

• back pain with a persisting point tenderness overlying the inflamed facet joints
• back stiffness
• radiating pain into the buttocks and back of the upper leg.

Treatment

• anti-inflammatory medications
• back exercises
• facet joint injection

Scoliosis, an abnormal curvature of the spine, most often manifests itself in children during growth.

Symptoms

• Uneven musculature on one side of the spine.
• A rib prominence or a prominent shoulder blade, caused by rotation of the ribcage in thoracic scoliosis.
• Uneven hips, arms or leg lengths
• weakness in the legs (in some cases)

Treatment

• observation and close follow up
• bracing
• surgery: deformity correction

• A spinal fracture is a serious injury in which one or more vertebra in the spinal column collapses, causing the vertebra to become compressed.
• It is typically caused by high-impact trauma, such as a car accident or long-distance fall, but can also be caused by osteoporosis in older individuals with weakened bones.

Symptoms

• The primary symptom is moderate to severe back pain that is made worse by movement.
• When the spinal cord is also involved, numbness, tingling, weakness, or bowel/bladder dysfunction may occur

Treatment

• bed rest, analgesics
• surgery
• minimally invasive pedicle screw fixation
• decompression and fixation